Fourth Amendment Essay - 845 Words

Fourth Amendment Ashley J. Peterson Constitutional Law Steve Areges Kaplan University 1/13/2010 Fourth Amendment The Fourth Amendment is important not only to the citizens but for our law enforcement as well. The Fourth Amendment is still evolving today, as common and statutory laws change so does our Fourth Amendment. This amendment has come a long way and will continue to serve us in our best interests for as long as we live, whether we agree of disagree. â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the†¦show more content†¦If someone is hanging around a well known crime area then just about everyone there is going to receive some sort of attention and the police officers will probably keep an eye on them to see if they are up to something. Police officers go off what they see and hear there isn’t any other way to put that. (Harr, amp; Hess, pp. 181, 2008). Once someone reaches a level of reasonable suspicion, police officers are allowed to stop and frisk the suspects. If they are still thought to be participating in illegal activity it becomes probable cause and then the suspect will be arrested and interrogated. Due to Miranda rights people have the opportunity to speak with an attorney before being questioned and may also have one present while being questioned. In some cases, such as murder there are some people that have been wrongfully accused. Due to wrongful practices, people have been convicted of circumstantial evidence. ``DNA is a very powerful tool . . . but it is circumstantial evidence like other pieces of circumstantial evidence and a proper investigation still has to take place, she said. (Matthew, n.d.). Circumstantial evidence is probably one of the biggest ethical concerns when people are being convicted of crimes. Circumstantial evidence is: â€Å"Evidence not bearing directly on the fact in dispute but on various attendant circumstances from which the judge or jury might infer the occurrence of the fact in dispute†. (Dictionay.com, 2010). ManyShow MoreRelatedFourth Amendment Essay1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fourth Amendment of the Constitution holds grave importance for the citizens of the United States of America. This amendment of the Constitution is exceptionally important due to the fact, that it protects citizens from unreasonable searches or seizures. However, the phrase, â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy† is a different aspect that is pertinent to the evolution of the Fourth Amendment, and Riley v. California. To dissect this phrase, reasonable is the important aspect here, this is whereRead More The Fourth Amendment Essay942 Words   |  4 Pagesan d the persons or things to be seized.† –U.S. Constitutional Amendments Preface I choose the fourth amendment for two reasons: - It recognizes a right that, inevitably, cannot be taken away from a person. - It was not written out of spite, but out of experience. I personally feel like this is an issue that, had there not been a provision in the Constitution, would have created some serious issues with the colonists. The Fourth Amendment also almost gives the idea that there should be no problem withRead MoreFourth Amendment Rights Essay2040 Words   |  9 PagesFourth Amendment Paper Assignment Today, I am presented with a case that puts in question the violation of individual’s Fourth Amendment rights. 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California is seeking to determine whether the Constitutional rights of Walter Fernandez were violated under the 4th Amendment when law enforcement conducted a search of his residence upon obtaining consent from his girlfriend, who was also a resident, after Fernandez was taken into custody (and had stated his objections to the search while at the scene). In Georgia v. Randolph (2006)Read MoreEssay On The Fourth Amendment1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fourth Amendment The Fourth Amendment was part of the Bill of Rights on September 5, 1789, but it was added to the Constitution on December 15, 1791. The government cannot arrest a person if they have committed a crime. It also goes to the government as well. The Fourth or IV Amendment is a well known law because the police can’t search you, it give you protection and you wont be arrested if you say no to a policeman that they can search you. The Fourth Amendment is a well known law because

Mental Illness Mr. A Essay - 1027 Words

Mr. A reported he met his developmental milestones and walked at age 1 years old. He also did not experience any learning delays. He report being able to adapt and was involved in complex skills at an appropriate age. There were no know history of childhood or mental illness. His birth and infancy were normal. Implementation This is the fourth phase in the GIM. In this phase the social worker demonstrate the ability to understand the plan of treatment for the client. This is the stage where goals are developed. Mr. A has many ups and downs that have subsided. He visits his psychiatries every week as been for four years. His symptoms to PTSD has been less frequent he follows up with his doctor. Mr. A is compliant with his psyatrobic medications. Personal, Familial, and Cultural Mr. A reports that he comes from an affluent yet strict family of 10 siblings, five boys and 5 girls in which he is the eldest. His parents met and fell in love in Maryland then moved to South Carolina. Mr. A’s mother Ms. Betty is 80 years old and Mr. Harry is 87 years old both are alive and will be celebrating their 65 years of wedding anniversary in December 2016. Mr. A reports that during his childhood, he recalls the memories he had with his parents. Both parents where hard working and taught him the value of working and obtaining an education. His father Harry was an accountant and mother Betty was a Physical Therapies. Mr. A states, â€Å"Back then, parents where parents and I would notShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper And Mrs. Dalloway1220 Words   |  5 PagesIn Mrs. Dalloway, Septimus, a supporting character struggles with a mental illness that is most likely Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Similarly, in The Yellow Wallpaper, th e narrator also struggles with a mental illness which could be related to postpartum depression. 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Case Study of Mr XZ-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of Mr XZ. Answer: Introduction The paper deals with the case study of Mr XZ, a 43-year-old man diagnosed with central diabetes insipidus. In the previous 3 months, he was complaining of polyuria, polydipsia, and nocturia. The water deprivation test confirms the illness and eliminates diabetes mellitus. In response to the case study, the paper discusses the aetiology and pathophysiology of the diabetes insipidus. The difference between the central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is discussed along with the diagnostic tool available. The paper also highlights the physiological functions of endogenous hormone vasopressin, and agents available for the treatmentof DI, with reference to the pharmacological basis for their therapeutic effects. Lastly, the reasonable management strategies for XZ are proposed. Physiological functions of endogenous hormone vasopressin Hypothalamus synthesises vasopressin and is then transferred to the posterior pituitary as the neurosecretory vesicles. The hormone is released into the circulation that is maintained by the plasma osmolality. The function of the hormone is to concentrate the urine in the distal renal tubules. The deficiency of the hormone leads to failure of urine concentration in the renal tubules. This contributed to the passage of the copious volume of dilute urine, which can be more than 3 litres of urine in 24 hours and with low osmolality (Hagiwara et al. 2014). In healthy people, ADH is released when the bodily fluids are depleted. The hormone released from the pituitary gland prevents the excretion of fluids from the body in the form of urine. The hormone increases the water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and in the collecting duct of the kidney. The hormone functions to activate the transmembrane protein channels called aquaporins to open and allow water into the collecting ducts. The collecting ducts are the tubules receiving the diluted urine by nephrons, the functional unit of the Kidney. Vasopressin induces the translocation of the aquaporin CD water channels to increase the permeability of the collecting ducts. Thus, the blood absorbs more water and urine volume is reduced and is concentrated. This functioning is hampered during deficiency of hormone. In short, the main functions of this hormone are to constrict the blood vessels and to retain the water in the body (Qureshi et al. 2014). Vasopressin also increases arterial blood pressure by enhancing the peripheral vascular resistance. By regulating the blood glucose, water and salts, it maintains the homeostasis. Sometimes, vasopressin stored in the posterior pituitary is directly released into the brain and regulates social behaviour, pair bonding, stress response and sexual motivation (Juul et al. 2014). Aetiology and pathophysiology of Diabetes Insipidus According to Kalra et al. (2016), the abnormalities in the vasopressin gene present on chromosome 20 are responsible for the autosomal dominant form of the primary version of this disease. Even in the cases of genetic abnormalities, many cases are idiopathic. In rare cases, the disease can occur due to the genetic abnormality. The disease can also be secondary or acquired due to various lesions that may include cranial injuries, hypophysectomy, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, suprasellar and intrasellar tumours, lymphocytic hypophysitis, vascular lesions, granulomas, and infections. The primary central diabetes insipidus is marked by the profound decrease in the hypothalamic nuclei of the neurohypophyseal system (Oiso et al. 2013). As per Bockenhauer and Bichet (2015), hypothalamic pituitary disorder contributes to central diabetes insipidus. It is characterised by the large volume of dilute urine that is less than 300mOsm/kg. The primary storage site and release of vasopressin is the posterior lobe of pituitary gland. However, the hypothalamus is the synthesis site of vasopressin. Until the hypothalamic nuclei and the neurohypophyseal tract are functional or intact, the newly synthesised hormone can be released into the circulation. In order to avoid this condition, the intact nature of the 10% of neurosecretory neurons is enough. Hence, the pathology of central diabetes insipidus always involve supraoptic, and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus or at least a major part of the pituitary tract should be intact. A complete central diabetes insipidus is indicated by the absence ofvasopressin, or it may be partial when the body has an insufficient level of ADH (Rutishauser et al. 2016). Polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia is the predominant clinical manifestations of the disease. In mammals, including humans, central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency in any part of this endocrine system and are manifested as polyuria and dilute urine. The same has been observed in the case of the patient MR. XZ. The previous three months of the patient showed these manifestations. The production of the very dilute urine or Polyuria is caused by the poor level or lack of anti-diuretic hormone or ADH, also known as vasopressin (De Fost et al. 2015). The low volume of ADH fails to function, activate the aquaporins, and subsequently allow the water into the collecting duct. Thus, blood cannot reabsorb the water, increasing the urine volume and decreasing its concentration. Polyuria is followed by polydipsia, a condition of excessive thirst to prevent the circulatory collapse. With the greater loss of body fluid, a patient feels dehydrated, with more urge to drink water. With polyuria and polydipsia, a person has to suffer from nocturia, a condition characterised by waking up at night frequently for voiding (Kalra et al. 2016). Differentiating central and nephrogenic DI and the diagnostic tools available The central diabetes insipidus is characterised by the decrease in secretion of ADH. The nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is impairment in the urine concentration process, caused by the resistance to ADH function in the Kidney. The diagnosis by the water deprivation test show poor ability to concentrate urine maximally. The causes of the central diabetes insipidus differ from the nephrogenic form. The principal causes of the central diabetes insipidus are the idiopathic, malignant tumours, head trauma, and crania surgery (Kalra et al. 2016). Water deprivation test distinguishes the central form of insipidus to the nephrogenic form as in later the injection of vasopressin does not reverse the existing symptoms. The low vasopressin levels are diagnostic but are difficult to measure. Moreover, these tests are not routinely available. Nocturia is diagnosed by taking the patient's nocturnal urine volume. It excludes the last void before sleeping but includes the first in the morning (Abbas et al. 2016). Prior to water deprivation test, the urine is tested for sugar to rule out diabetes mellitus. In addition to high sodium level, many electrolytes are found to be abnormally high. In addition to the water deprivation tests, another form of diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus is urinalysis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Urinalysis is the physical and the chemical examination of urine. In central diabetes, inispdius urine is less concentrated if the water is high in comparison to the other excreted substances(Robertson 2016). MRI is the non-invasive technique where the magnetic field and radio waves are used to get the detailed view of the brain tissues and detect any abnormalities (Cull et al. 2014). In the idiopathic cases, destruction of the hypothalamus cells is more common. With the advancement of the imaging techniques, and identification of the antibodies against secreting cells, the idiopathic cases have decreased. However, this leads diagnostic confusion as these antibodies are also found on the people with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Thus, Serial contrast-enhanced brain MRIs (every 3-6 months for the first 2 years) is mandatory for diagnosis. Craniopharyngioma and other primary tumours are the common manifestations of the central diabetes insipidus. Central diabetes insipidus is also the common manifestation of subarachnoid haemorrhage (Kreutz et al. 2017). In 10% of the cases, this disease is familial and may be under diagnosed. The autosomal dominant inheritance and result from a defect in theAVP-NP2gene on chromosome 20p13. Genetic testings are recommended to determine the specific aetiology and answer the recurrence risk questions (Bernal et al. 2016). Additional causes can be cancer, cardiac arrest, granulomatous disease and vascular lesions. CT and MRIs are successful brain imaging techniques to identify any abnormal findings On the other hand, the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by the metabolic factors such as high blood sugar, calcium and low potassium. In adults, this condition mostly develops due to hypocalcaemia or lithium toxicity. In 20% of the cases, where the patient is taking lithium, experiences impairment in urine concentration. The contributing factor of this condition is the dysregulation of the aquaporin systemin the collecting duct having principal cells. The urine concentrating ability is also declined by the prolonged elevation of the serum calcium level that is more than 11 mg/dL (Bockenhauer and Bichet 2015). In addition to Lithium, there are other drugs that reduce the concentration of the urine in the distal renal tubule. It may include Amphotericin B, Orlistat, cidofovir, Demeclocycline, and Ofloxacin. The other causes of the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus include transient pregnancy, Hypokalemia, renal disease (amyloidosis, sickle cell anaemia), and hyperglycemia (Bockenhauer and Bichet 2015). The hereditary factors responsible for this form of the disease are rare. When occurs, it is attributed to the mutations in the AVP receptor 2 genes (AVPR2) on chromosome Xq28. The resistance to the ADH is caused by the defects in the AVP receptor. It is an X-linked disorder, hence, mostly males are affected by this disease. In case of females, this disease is reported occasionally due to skewed X inactivation (Moeller et al. 2013). The familial nephrogenic DI casesare contributed by the mutation in AQP2, aquaporin 2. This gene is present on chromosome 12q13, that expresses water channel in the collecting ducts of Kidneys. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, both Autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant forms are reported (Bockenhauer and Bichet 2015). The central diabetes insipidus is commonly diagnosed by water deprivation test to examine the blood electrolyte levels, urine production, and weight for 12 hours. After dehydration, the patients cannot maximally concentrate urinebut can do so after receiving exogenous ADH. In this test, the patient is not allowed to take fluid for stipulated time say 8-12 hours. If the morning void is not concentrated, then it can be diagnosed as central diabetes insipidus (Robertson 2016). It is also confirmed by the decrease in blood pressure, loss of more than 5% body weight and increase in heart rate. By injecting vasopressin, these effects are reversed (Kalra et al. 2016). Treatment The primary treatment goals include rectification of water deficit that is persisting and reduction of the ongoing excessive urinary water losses. The treatment depends on the speed of the onset of the symptoms. In case, the patient has the presence of any associated hypernatremia (Valenti and Tamma 2016). To promote rehydration, the level of dehydration in Mr XZ must be assessed and ongoing losses. Accordingly, the rehydration therapy can be commenced. In case the serum sodium is greater than 150mmol/L, rehydration therapy is immediately needed and the symptoms may improve within 48 hours. Desmopressin as pharmacology therapy treats central diabetes insipidus. This agent is the longer acting form (synthetic analogue) of vasopressin. This physiologic replacement is effective for the hormonal deficiency. It can be taken as the tablet, or nasal spray and dose can be adjusted as per the bodys requirement to maintain water balance and urine output. Both vasopressin and desmopressin when taken in excess amount lead to complications such as swelling, fluid retention and other problems. Injections of vasopressin are given to people undergoing surgery. For outpatient treatment of diabetes, insipidus desmopressin is preferred in comparison to the vasopressin as the former is easy to administer (dose can be precisely tailored) and has greater safety and tolerability (Bichet 2014). The mechanism of action of both vasopressin and desmopressin is slightly different. Vasopressin exhibits its antidiuretic effect by the activation of the V2 R caused by the kidney reabsorption of water. This process is triggered via "Gs protein/adenylyl cyclases/cAMP pathway". The cascade of events leads to the mobilisation of water channel aquaporin to the distal convoluted tubules of kidney nephron and the collecting duct. This action increases the permeability of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane to water. On the other hand, the antidiuretic mode of action of the desmopressin is by greater antidiuretic potency and decreased pressor activity. In compared to natural hormone this agent has longer half-life and clearance in urine is strong during renal impairment (Ando et al. 2015). The average magnitude, duration of the effect of the intravenous infusion of desmopressin, following 2 hour on urine osmolality and urine flow is dose dependent and clearly reciprocal. The magnitude of the antidiuretic effect of the desmopressin is limited due to a concentrating capacity of the Kidney which is bunted in the patient with central diabetes insipidus as they were already deficient in vasopressin. Thus, at an IV dose of 250 ng the average maximum urine osmolality achieved was 850 mOsm/kg, and the rate of urine output reduced to 1.4 L/day, which is almost the normal range (Kataoka et al. 2015). The action of the agent is prolonged by doubling the dose of desmopressin. When administering the DDAvasopressin orally, maximum plasma concentrationcan be obtained at 90 minutes. Treating vasopressin orally for 5 years as long-term treatment has been found to control diuresis in 8 of the 9 patients. When treated with this agent the patients should be started with the lowest dose possible, and subsequent titration should be followed based on the clinical response. Prior to giving further dosage polyuria should be allowed to develop as sometimes diuresis is transient may be nullified by single dosage. Thus, both the agents are safe therapeutic agents and can be effective to cure Mr. XZ. It is a good alternative treatment for central diabetes insipidus. These agents greatly simplify the management of the disease (Murakami et al. 2014). The patients undergoing pituitary surgery can experience diuresis as they are administered with the large volume of fluids. These patients also exhibit the posttraumatic decrease in AVP levels. These symptoms become difficult t o distinguish with central diabetes insipidus. They are also challenging to manage. In such cases, the patients are administered with DDAVP if polyuria is continued with low urine osmolality (Behan et al., 2015). The medication management in chronic central diabetes insipidus requires "individually tailored dosing schedule". Initially starting with the low dose, the doses are subsequently increased based on the clinical response. Per dose, the average duration of action is between 6-18 hours. However, in some cases single dose at night is sufficient. The dose should be titrated to control nocturia The accredited registered nurses should administer the therapeutic agents. The nurses must inform the managing team if te Mr. XZ is found to have urine output greater than 4mls/kg/hr for two consecutive hours. It indicates the need of repeated serum. There is a need of notifying the management if the serum electrolytes are not in normal range after drug administration (Behan et al. 2015). It is very rare to expect spontaneous or complete recovery from the illness as overcoming hormonal deficiency is uncommon. Reversible in symptoms is seen after neurosurgery. Other drugs that stimulate the body production of the vasopressin are carbamazepine, thiazide diuretics, chlorpropamide, and clofibrate. These drugs provide relief in the severe form of diabetes insipidus. These are the non-hormonal agent, and sometimes-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. The latter is mainly prescribed in the nephrogenic DI,as a last resort (Arima et al. 2013). Management strategies The nurses must educate the patient (XZ) about increasing the prescribed dosage of drugs based on the thirst level and urinary output. To offload the excess water and diuresis the patients may be advised to delay the dose by one per week, prevent the hyponatraemia, and then take subsequent dosage as normal. For Mr. XZ to have normal lifestyle decreasing thirst and Polyuria is the primary goal (Gleeson et al. 2016). The patients of central diabetes insipidus must be educated about the side effects of desmopressin such as a headache, runny nose, nosebleeds, stomach pain, feeling bloated or dizziness. Mr. XZ must be aware of the symptoms of hypernatremia, which are confusion, nausea and vomiting, and prolonged headache. Desmopressin should be discontinued if the patient is experiencing hyponatremia (Gleeson et al. 2016). The management of the patients with central diabetes insipidus includes monitoring of fluid retention. During initial therapy, the XZ needs to be monitored for hyponatremia, and if confirmed then intravenous fluidsmay be required. The patient should be observed for the volume of water intake, the volume of urine output and frequency, serum sodium, specific gravity and level of thirst. Mr. XZ should be requested for follow up visits post-hospitalisation (Verbalis 2016). There are no specific dietary considerations required for diabetes insipidus even when chronic. The patient Mr. XZ must be educated about adequate intake of water and the importance of the water and salt balance. The urine output can be decreased by taking low protein and sodium diet. The patient should be educated to take precautions when travelling to avoid diarrhoea and vomiting. Mr. XZ can avoid dehydration by travelling at night and preventing exertion from hot weather. Serious problems can be prevented in the patients if they are educated to avoid dehydration. It is necessary to carry water, and the medications support wherever one go, and if possible, it is effective to carry the medical alert card (Kalra et al. 2016). Counselling sessions can be recommended for Mr. XZ. Any chronic illness disturbs emotional well being in addition to the physical well-being. It may be due to embarrassing symptoms such as polyuria. The expensive treatment along with the physical weakness adds to distress. Financial burden is the main source of anxiety and depression in most cases. Psychiatric counselling can be referred for Mr. XZ to relive anxiety and better manage the illness (Morton et al. 2017). Conclusion Hypothalamic pituitary disorder contributes to central diabetes insipidus and is indicated by the absence ofvasopressin, or an insufficient level of ADH. The paper elucidated the aetiology and pathophysiology of the diabetes insipidus. The difference between the central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is discussed along with the diagnostic tools available. The paper also highlights the physiological functions of endogenous hormone vasopressin, and agents available for the treatmentof DI, with reference to the pharmacological basis for their therapeutic effects. Lastly, the reasonable management strategies for XZ are proposed. References Abbas, M.W., Iqbal, M.A., Iqbal, M.N., Javaid, R. and Ashraf, M.A., 2016. Diabetes insipidus: the basic and clinical review.International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences,4(1), pp.5-11. Ando, T., Nozaki, A., Akazawa, S., Sagara, I.U., Horie, I., Imaizumi, M., Usa, T. and Kawakami, A., 2015. QOL in the Patients with Central Diabetes Insipidus Under Different Formulations of Desmopressin. InHealth Outcomes/Quality Improvement Research(pp. THR-194). Endocrine Society. Arima, H., Oiso, Y., Juul, K.V. and Nrgaard, J.P., 2013. Efficacy and safety of desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in patients with central diabetes insipidus: results of a multicenter open-label dose-titration study.Endocrine journal,60(9), pp.1085-1094. Behan, L.A., Sherlock, M., Moyles, P., Renshaw, O., Thompson, C.J.T., Orr, C., Holte, K., Salehmohamed, M.R., Glynn, N., Tormey, W. and Thompson, C.J., 2015. Abnormal plasma sodium concentrations in patients treated with desmopressin for cranial diabetes insipidus: results of a long-term retrospective study.European journal of endocrinology,172(3), pp.243-250. Bernal, A., Maha, J. and Puerto, A., 2016. Animal models of Central Diabetes Insipidus: Human relevance of acquired beyond hereditary syndromes and the role of oxytocin.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,66, pp.1-14. Bichet, D.G., 2014. Treatment of central diabetes insipidus.2013-09-25)[2014-03-03] https://www. uptodate. com/contents/treatment-of-central-diabetes-insipidus, pp.1-52. Bockenhauer, D. and Bichet, D.G., 2015. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.Nature Reviews Nephrology,11(10), pp.576-588. Cull, E.H., Watts, J.M., Tallman, M.S., Kopp, P., Frattini, M., Rapaport, F., Rampal, R., Levine, R. and Altman, J.K., 2014. Acute myeloid leukemia presenting with panhypopituitarism or diabetes insipidus: a case series with molecular genetic analysis and review of the literature.Leukemia lymphoma,55(9), pp.2125-2129. De Fost, M., Oussaada, S., Endert, E., Linthorst, G., Serlie, M., Soeters, M., DeVries, J.H., Bisschop, P. and Fliers, E., 2015. The water deprivation test to differentiate diabetes insipidus from primary polydipsia.Endocrine Connections, pp.EC-14. Gleeson, H., Bonfield, A., Hackett, E. and Crasto, W., 2016. Concerns about the safety of patients with diabetes insipidus admitted to hospital.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf),84, pp.950-1. Hagiwara, D., Arima, H., Morishita, Y., Wenjun, L., Azuma, Y., Ito, Y., Suga, H., Goto, M., Banno, R., Sugimura, Y. and Shiota, A., 2014. Arginine vasopressin neuronal loss results from autophagy-associated cell death in a mouse model for familial neurohypophysial diabetes insipidus.Cell death disease,5(3), p.e1148. Juul, K.V., Bichet, D.G., Nielsen, S. and Nrgaard, J.P., 2014. The physiological and pathophysiological functions of renal and extrarenal vasopressin V2 receptors.American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology,306(9), pp.F931-F940. Kalra, S., Zargar, A.H., Jain, S.M., Sethi, B., Chowdhury, S., Singh, A.K., Thomas, N., Unnikrishnan, A.G., Thakkar, P.B. and Malve, H., 2016. Diabetes insipidus: The other diabetes.Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism,20(1), p.9. Kataoka, Y., Nishida, S., Hirakawa, A., Oiso, Y. and Arima, H., 2015. Comparison of incidence of hyponatremia between intranasal and oral desmopressin in patients with central diabetes insipidus.Endocrine journal,62(2), pp.195-200. Kreutz, J., Potorac, I., Lutteri, L., Gennigens, C., Martin, D., Daly, A.F., Bonneville, J.F., Tshibanda, L. and Beckers, A., 2017, May. Adipsic diabetes insipidus revealing a bifocal intracranial germinoma. InAnnales d'Endocrinologie. Elsevier Masson. Moeller, H.B., Rittig, S. and Fenton, R.A., 2013. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: essential insights into the molecular background and potential therapies for treatment.Endocrine reviews,34(2), pp.278-301. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017.Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Murakami, T., Hatoko, T., Nambu, T., Matsuda, Y., Matsuo, K., Yonemitsu, S., Muro, S. and Oki, S., 2014. Desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet in Japanese patients with central diabetes insipidus: A retrospective study of switching from intranasal desmopressin.Endocrine journal,61(8), pp.773-779. Oiso, Y., Robertson, G.L., Nrgaard, J.P. and Juul, K.V., 2013. Treatment of neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism,98(10), pp.3958-3967. Qureshi, S., Galiveeti, S., Bichet, D.G. and Roth, J., 2014. Diabetes insipidus: celebrating a century of vasopressin therapy.Endocrinology,155(12), pp.4605-4621. Robertson, G.L., 2016. Diabetes insipidus: Differential diagnosis and management.Best Practice Research Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism,30(2), pp.205-218. Rutishauser, J., Spiess, M. and Kopp, P., 2016. Genetic forms of neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus.Best Practice Research Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism,30(2), pp.249-262. Umbricht, D., del Valle Rubido, M., Hollander, E., McCracken, J.T., Shic, F., Scahill, L., Noeldeke, J., Boak, L., Khwaja, O., Squassante, L. and Grundschober, C., 2017. A Single Dose, Randomized, Controlled Proof-Of-Mechanism Study of a Novel Vasopressin 1a Receptor Antagonist (RG7713) in High-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Neuropsychopharmacology,42(9), p.1914. Valenti, G. and Tamma, G., 2016. History of diabetes insipidus.G Ital Nefrol,33(S66), pp.1724-5590. Verbalis, J.G., 2016. Diabetes Insipidus: Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment. In2016 Meet-The-Professor: Endocrine Case Management(pp. 195-201). The Endocrine Society.

Multiply Disciples Making Disciples

â€Å"Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples† is a book that is jointly authored by Francis Chan and Mark Beuving. The book calls upon all Christians to maintain the momentum that was characteristic of the early missionaries. The main idea in â€Å"Multiply† is based on the Gospel agenda that is outlined in Matthew Chapter 28, verse 19, where Jesus commissions his disciples to go out and spread the Christian Gospel thereby converting new believers into disciples.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors of this book lament that the job of spreading the gospel has been mistakenly left upon Pastors alone. Consequently, the authors set out to prove that it is the job of all Christians to spread the Gospel of Christ with vigor. The authors have also laced with online videos that cement the theme of every section in the book. Th is paper offers an overview of â€Å"Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples† and an accompanying critique of Chan and Bueving’s work. Francis Chan, one of the authors of this book is a renowned Christian-author who has written various books, some of which have become bestsellers. Consequently, Beuving is somehow assigned the role of a supporting author in this book. The book begins with a statement reminding Christians that they were made to make disciples. Consequently, the commission to ‘go and make disciples of all nations’ applies to Christians from all walks of life. According to the authors â€Å"Christians today are not known for making disciples†¦we have developed a culture where ministers minister and the rest of us sit back and ‘enjoy’ the church from a distance†¦every Christian is called by God to minister†¦to make disciples†1. The rest of the book continues to equip readers with the tools that would take them ba ck to the duty of ministering and making more disciples. The authors hope that their book will give readers the confidence and faith that would enable them to step into the arena of God’s wide ministry. In the book’s forward, the authors had cautioned readers that the book and its other resources including online videos are not meant to be read in isolation but they should be shared widely within the realms of Christian believers. The book is divided in sections that bear the theme of discipleship and the Christian conduct. The first section is titled â€Å"Living as a Disciple Maker†. This section contains three chapters and it is an introduction into the concept of discipleship and its relevance in the modern times. In this first section, the authors explain what it means to be a disciple in the modern context.Advertising Looking for book review on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This first section is then accompanied by another section that seeks to explore Jesus’ command to disciples to make more disciples. These first two chapters are weaved together in the realization that all Christians are natural disciples who should be actively involved in the quest to spread the gospel. In the final chapter of this first section, the authors explain to the readers how the heart of a dedicated ‘disciple maker’ should be modeled. The authors proceed to another section about how Christians should live not as segregated units but as a Church. Furthermore, the authors set out to contextualize disciple making in a modern church. For instance, the book notes that the importance of Christian fellowship and community has been greatly ignored in the modern contexts. On the other hand, the context of ‘mighty churches/ministers’ has been mixed with unnecessary hype thereby neglecting to take note of the duty of the individual. The book’s sect ion of church is broken down in a manner that helps individuals realize that they are part of the small fellowships just as they are part of the global church. Another section is dedicated on ‘understanding the old testament’, where authors offer a lengthy explorations of the Old Testament right from the time of creation until the period of prophecies about the coming of the Messiah. The authors conclude this section by noting that Christianity is the ‘Kingdom of God’ The last section in Chan and Beuving’s book outlines the Christian doctrines that are contained in the New Testament. In this section, the authors track the genesis of Christianity from the birth of Christ until his expected return. The objective of Jesus the Messiah and his great commission is explored in the context of discipleship. Furthermore, this section reminds Christian readers that they are in the last leg of their journey. The division of the book in sections serves the author ’s purpose of having a believer lead a non-believer through it with the view of making the latter into a disciple. The last two chapters are particularly laden with materials that can be of great benefit to both Christians and non-Christians. One main objection that I have towards â€Å"Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples† is the blanket notion that modern Christians are not involves in discipleship. According to the authors, â€Å"if you were to ask individual Christians today what it means to make disciples, you would likely get jumbled thoughts, ambiguous answers, and probably even blank stares†¦we are ignoring the commission of Christ†2. However, discipleship as it applies to the modern society does not involve going out and shouting to non-believers and others about the Gospel. In the modern society, the fundamental teachings of Christianity are known by almost all people across the world. Consequently, the principle of discipleship has changed from t he need to preach the gospel to the objective of representing its practicality.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the people who are opposed to the beliefs of Christianity today do so in the premise that they are ‘impractical’. This notion is also supported by the fact that some individuals who are proclaim to be ministers of the gospel are unable to represent it in a positive light. Consequently, the true disciples today are not the people who proclaim the teachings of Jesus, but those who practice them, thereby acting as light in the middle of darkness. For example, a practicing Christian who is known to conduct only honest business in the midst of modern greed and exploitation can ‘make disciples’. On the other hand, a Christian youth who abstains from all immoral associations on the account of his fait h has the potential to make disciples. In modern times, there have been so many fake disciples who ‘preach water and take wine’. Therefore, the strength of Christianity relies on those whose actions preach more than their words. Throughout the book, the authors take a one-sided look into discipleship thereby ignoring those whose actions (and not necessarily words) are ‘making disciples’. The book also ignores the institution of the body of Christ where different individuals bring different abilities to the church. For instance, some are called to minister, care for others, praise the lord, heal the sick, and some offer financial momentum to the Great Commission of Christ. However, in ‘Multiply† the authors appear to ‘dictate’ the form of discipleship that individuals should engage in. Upon becoming disciples, individuals are bestowed with various gifts of the Holy Spirit and these unique abilities spell out their missions as Christi ans. Therefore, it is important for the authors to take these factors into consideration when they are outlining the lacking aspects of discipleship. Nevertheless, the book provides an interesting flow and it is a joy to read from section to section. The authors also take advantage of modern technology and upload an online video for each section in the book. Basically, the authors provide a Bible experience that moves the readers from the Book of Genesis up to Revelation. It is often hard for anyone to read the Bible from start to finish but this book mirrors the joy of such an experience. Furthermore, the authors stick to the objective of Christian Ministry through the manner in which they reiterate on the usage of Bible passages. The book cultivates a sense of purpose among both new and old Christians. It is possible for an individual to become a Christian and then proceed to lose a sense of purpose as time goes by. Chan and Beuving assist individuals to retrace their steps and be come workers for Christ and his Gospel.Advertising Looking for book review on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, â€Å"Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples† is a good read that calls Christians to action and reinstates their purpose at the same time. The authors deliver an easily flowing book that could be beneficial to both Christians and non-Christians. The contextualization of the Church also serves a great purpose along the way. I would recommend this book to anyone who might have even the slightest interest in Christian doctrine. Bibliography Chan, Francis, and Mark Beuving. Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples. Colorado Springs: David Cook, 2012. Footnotes 1 Francis Chan and Mark Beuving, Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples (Colorado Springs: David Cook, 2012), 9. 2 Francis Chan and Mark Beuving, Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples (Colorado Springs: David Cook, 2012), 7. This book review on Multiply: Disciples Making Disciples was written and submitted by user Bennett Carver to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.